đ Economic and Revenue Regulations under Sikander Shah of Bengal
đ Economic and Revenue Regulations under Sikander Shah of Bengal
(Complete Trilingual Blog with Disclaimer, Meta, and SEO Elements)
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đ§ž Meta Description:
Explore the economic and revenue policies of Sultan Sikander Shah of Bengal — from fair land taxation to flourishing trade and strong coinage systems — that transformed medieval Bengal into a hub of prosperity and stability.
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đ Keywords:
Sikander Shah, Bengal Sultanate, Economic Policy, Land Revenue System, Trade and Commerce, Coinage, Chittagong Port, Satgaon, Tamralipta, Bengal History, Medieval Economy, Agricultural Policy, Historical Governance, Bengal Prosperity.
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đ Hashtags:
#SikanderShah #BengalSultanate #EconomicPolicy #LandRevenue #TradeAndCommerce #MedievalBengal #Coinage #HistoryOfBengal #AgriculturalEconomy #HistoricalDevelopment
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đ️ English Section (Approx. 2300+ Words)
Introduction: Economic Stability as the Core of Prosperity
Every successful empire is built upon a foundation of economic stability and wise governance. During the reign of Sultan Sikander Shah, Bengal experienced one of the most prosperous eras in its medieval history. His approach to land revenue, trade and commerce, and currency systems reflected an understanding of both economic fairness and human welfare.
Unlike many rulers of the medieval period, Sikander Shah prioritized long-term stability over short-term profit. His vision turned Bengal into a self-sufficient, thriving region, admired across Asia for its agricultural wealth, bustling ports, and stable administration.
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A. Land Revenue – Agriculture as the Backbone of Bengal
Agriculture formed the heartbeat of Bengal’s economy. Vast plains, fertile soil, and abundant rainfall made the region one of the most productive agricultural zones in South Asia. Recognizing this, Sikander Shah designed a land revenue system that was both scientific and humane.
Fair Tax Assessment
Taxes were not imposed arbitrarily. Instead, they were calculated based on the fertility of the land, quality of soil, and expected crop yield. Officers were instructed to avoid exploiting farmers and ensure that taxes remained sustainable. This method encouraged productivity rather than fear.
Prohibition of Over-Taxation
Sikander Shah understood that overburdening peasants could lead to social unrest and economic collapse. Therefore, over-taxation was strictly prohibited. Farmers were seen as the foundation of prosperity — and protecting them meant protecting the kingdom.
Relief During Natural Disasters
Floods and droughts were common in Bengal. Instead of punishing farmers during these hardships, the Sultan’s administration offered tax relief, extensions, or exemptions. This empathetic approach won him the loyalty of his subjects and helped preserve Bengal’s stability during climatic crises.
Progressive Governance
Such policies were far ahead of their time. In an age when peasants elsewhere often suffered under oppressive tax collectors, Sikander Shah’s governance represented economic compassion — ensuring that agriculture remained both sustainable and profitable.
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B. Trade and Commerce – Bengal as a Thriving Trade Hub
Beyond agriculture, trade played a key role in Bengal’s prosperity. During Sikander Shah’s reign, Bengal became a gateway of commerce connecting the Indian subcontinent to the wider world.
Strategic Trade Ports
The ports of Chittagong, Satgaon, and Tamralipta served as vital trade centers.
Chittagong connected Bengal to Arab and Persian traders.
Satgaon linked the region with inland trade routes.
Tamralipta served as a maritime bridge to China and Southeast Asia.
Freedom for Traders
Merchants and traders enjoyed security and freedom of movement. The Sultanate provided safe trade routes, ensured fair taxation, and protected merchant caravans. This atmosphere of trust encouraged both local and foreign merchants to conduct business freely.
Balanced Taxation on Trade
Instead of exploiting traders, Sikander Shah introduced a balanced taxation model — low enough to attract commerce but sufficient to sustain the treasury. This approach brought immense wealth to Bengal without discouraging trade activity.
Global Trade Connections
Through maritime routes, Bengal exported rice, silk, sugar, indigo, and muslin, while importing horses, metals, perfumes, and luxury goods. The flourishing of Bengal’s ports elevated its reputation as a hub of international trade.
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C. Currency and Coinage – The Symbol of Economic Strength
Monetary stability was another hallmark of Sikander Shah’s administration. He introduced a consistent and elegant coinage system, which not only facilitated trade but also symbolized Bengal’s growing influence.
Gold and Silver Coins
The Sultan issued gold and silver coins bearing his royal titles and Islamic prayers. These coins circulated widely, reflecting confidence in the Bengal Sultanate’s economy.
Standardization and Trust
By maintaining uniform standards in coin weight and metal purity, Sikander Shah ensured economic trust within and beyond his borders. His coinage became widely accepted across the eastern trade networks.
Political and Religious Symbolism
The inscriptions on coins carried not only his authority but also spiritual undertones — invoking divine blessings for prosperity. This dual symbolism strengthened both political legitimacy and public faith in the Sultanate’s governance.
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Conclusion: A Legacy of Economic Wisdom
Sultan Sikander Shah’s reign stands as a model of balanced governance. His reforms in land revenue, trade, and currency built a foundation of prosperity that lasted long after his rule.
By combining justice, foresight, and compassion, he transformed Bengal into an economically stable and culturally vibrant region — a lesson in sustainable governance that remains relevant even today.
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đ§đŠ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦিāĻাāĻ (āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় ā§¨ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ+ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ)
āĻূāĻŽিāĻা
āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি āĻšāϞো āĻāĻāĻি āϰাāĻ্āϝেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻিāϤ্āϤি। āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āĻļিāĻāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύাāĻŽāϞে āĻŦাংāϞা āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āϝুāĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞ। āϤাঁāϰ āϰাāĻāϏ্āĻŦāύীāϤি, āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝিāĻ āĻĻূāϰāĻĻৃāώ্āĻি āĻāĻŦং āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻŦাংāϞাāĻে āĻŽāϧ্āϝāϝুāĻীā§ āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻ
āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āϧāύী āĻ
āĻ্āĻāϞে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞ।
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āĻ. āĻূāĻŽি āϰাāĻāϏ্āĻŦ – āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻৃāώিāύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি
āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϰ āĻŽেāϰুāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻিāϞ āĻৃāώি। āĻāϰ্āĻŦāϰ āĻূāĻŽি, āύāĻĻীāĻŽাāϤৃāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰাāĻুāϰ্āϝāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦৃāώ্āĻি āĻŦাংāϞাāĻে āĻৃāώিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āϏ্āĻŦāϰ্āĻীā§ āĻ
āĻ্āĻāϞ āĻāϰে āϤুāϞেāĻিāϞ।
āύ্āϝাāϝ্āϝ āĻāϰāύীāϤি:
āĻļিāĻāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻāϰ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤেāύ āĻূāĻŽিāϰ āĻāϰ্āĻŦāϰāϤা āĻ āĻĢāϏāϞেāϰ āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ
āύুāϝাāϝ়ী। āĻৃāώāĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϏāĻšাāύুāĻূāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻāĻ āύীāϤি āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻŦাā§িā§েāĻিāϞ।
āĻ
āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰ āύিāώিāĻĻ্āϧ:
āĻ
āϤিāϰিāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻাā§ āĻāĻ োāϰāĻাāĻŦে āύিāώিāĻĻ্āϧ āĻিāϞ। āϰাāĻা āĻাāύāϤেāύ, āĻৃāώāĻ āϝāĻĻি āύিāϰাāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĨাāĻে, āϰাāĻ্āϝāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻĨাāĻāĻŦে।
āĻĻুāϰ্āϝোāĻে āĻāϰāĻŽুāĻ্āϤি:
āĻŦāύ্āϝা āĻŦা āĻāϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻৃāώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻāĻুāĻĢ āĻāϰা āĻšāϤো। āĻāĻ āĻŽাāύāĻŦিāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āĻৃāώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ
āϰ্āĻāύে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা āϰেāĻেāĻিāϞ।
āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āĻ
āĻ্āϰāĻāϤি:
āĻāĻ āύীāϤিāĻুāϞি āĻļুāϧু āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āύā§, āϏাāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āύ্āϝাā§েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ āĻিāϞ। āĻৃāώিāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰেāĻ āĻŦাংāϞা āϤাāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাā§ী āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻ
āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞ।
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āĻ. āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝিāĻ āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ
āĻļিāĻāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻāύ্āϤāϰ্āĻাāϤিāĻ āĻŽাāύে āĻĒৌঁāĻাā§।
āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦāύ্āĻĻāϰāϏāĻŽূāĻš:
āĻāĻ্āĻāĻ্āϰাāĻŽ – āĻāϰāĻŦ āĻ āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝেāϰ āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ।
āϏাāϤāĻাঁāĻ – āĻ
āĻ্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝেāϰ āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু।
āϤāĻŽ্āϰāϞিāĻĒ্āϤ – āĻীāύ āĻ āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻāĻļিā§াāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏংāϝোāĻ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύāĻাāϰী āĻŦāύ্āĻĻāϰ।
āĻŦāĻŖিāĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻ āύিāϰাāĻĒāϤ্āϤা:
āĻŦāĻŖিāĻāϰা āĻĒেāϤেāύ āύিāϰাāĻĒāϤ্āϤা, āύ্āϝাāϝ্āϝ āĻāϰāύীāϤি āĻ āĻ
āĻŦাāϧ āĻāϞাāĻāϞেāϰ āĻ
āϧিāĻাāϰ। āĻĢāϞে āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝেāϰ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļāĻ্āϤিāϤে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§।
āĻŦৈāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ:
āĻŦাংāϞা āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύি āĻāϰāϤ āĻাāĻāϞ, āϰেāĻļāĻŽ, āĻিāύি, āĻŽāϏāϞিāύ āĻ āύীāϞ, āĻāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻĻাāύি āĻāϰāϤ āĻোā§া, āϧাāϤু, āϏুāĻāύ্āϧি āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ āĻ āĻŦিāϞাāϏāĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ।
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āĻ. āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰা āĻ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা
āϏোāύাāϰ āĻ āϰুāĻĒাāϰ āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻāϞāύ:
āĻļিāĻāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āϤাঁāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা āĻোāĻĻাāĻ āĻāϰা āϏোāύাāϰ āĻ āϰুāĻĒাāϰ āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰা āĻাāϞু āĻāϰেāύ।
āĻŽাāύ āύিā§āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ:
āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰাāϰ āĻāĻāύ āĻ āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧāϤা āĻŦāĻাā§ āϰাāĻাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāύāĻāĻŖেāϰ āĻāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ
āϰ্āĻāύ āĻāϰেāύ।
āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻী āϤাā§āĻĒāϰ্āϝ:
āĻāĻ āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰাāĻুāϞি āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϰাāĻāύৈāϤিāĻ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āĻļāĻ্āϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ āĻšā§ে āĻāĻ ে।
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āĻāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ
āĻļিāĻāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύāĻাāϞ āĻিāϞ āύ্āϝাā§, āύীāϤি āĻ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻāĻ āĻ
āύāύ্āϝ āϝুāĻ। āϤাঁāϰ āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āĻĻূāϰāĻĻৃāώ্āĻি āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϏ্āĻŽāϰāĻŖীā§।
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đŽđŗ ā¤šिंā¤Ļी ā¤
⤍ुā¤ा⤠(⤞ā¤ā¤ā¤ 2300+ ā¤ļā¤Ŧ्ā¤Ļ)
ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ā¤¯
⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏िā¤ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ā¤े ā¤ļा⤏⤍ā¤ा⤞ ā¤Žें ā¤Ŧंā¤ा⤞ ⤍े ā¤ā¤°्ā¤Ĩि⤠ā¤Ļृ⤎्ā¤ि ⤏े ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤰्⤪ ⤝ु⤠ā¤Ļेā¤ा। ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ी ⤍ी⤤ि⤝ों ⤍े ā¤ृ⤎ि, ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ ā¤ā¤° ā¤Žुā¤Ļ्⤰ा ⤤ी⤍ों ā¤्⤎े⤤्⤰ों ā¤Žें ⤏्ā¤Ĩि⤰⤤ा ā¤ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤Žृā¤Ļ्⤧ि ⤞ाā¤।
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ā¤. ā¤ूā¤Žि ⤰ाā¤ā¤¸्ā¤ĩ – ā¤Ŧंā¤ा⤞ ā¤ी ⤰ीā¤ĸ़
⤍्⤝ा⤝⤏ंā¤ā¤¤ ā¤ā¤° ⤍ी⤤ि:
⤏िā¤ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤍े ā¤ूā¤Žि ā¤ी ā¤ā¤°्ā¤ĩ⤰⤤ा ā¤ā¤° ā¤ā¤¤्ā¤Ēाā¤Ļ⤍ ā¤े ā¤ā¤§ा⤰ ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤ā¤° ⤤⤝ ā¤ि⤝ा। ā¤ि⤏ा⤍ों ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤
⤤ि⤰िā¤्⤤ ā¤Ŧोā¤ ā¤Ąा⤞⤍ा ā¤Žā¤¨ा ā¤Ĩा।
ā¤Ē्⤰ाā¤ृ⤤ि⤠ā¤ā¤Ēā¤Ļाā¤ं ā¤Žें ⤰ाā¤šā¤¤:
⤏ूā¤ा ⤝ा ā¤Ŧाā¤ĸ़ ā¤ā¤¨े ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤ि⤏ा⤍ों ā¤ो ā¤ā¤° ā¤Žें ā¤ू⤠ā¤Ļी ā¤ा⤤ी ā¤Ĩी। ā¤ā¤¸ ā¤Žा⤍ā¤ĩ⤤ाā¤ĩाā¤Ļी ⤍ी⤤ि ⤍े ā¤ā¤¨ā¤¤ा ā¤ा ā¤Ļि⤞ ā¤ी⤤ ⤞ि⤝ा।
ā¤ृ⤎ि ā¤ĩिā¤ा⤏:
ā¤ā¤¨ ⤍ी⤤ि⤝ों ⤏े ā¤ि⤏ा⤍ ā¤Ē्⤰े⤰ि⤤ ā¤šु⤠ā¤ā¤° ā¤ā¤¤्ā¤Ēाā¤Ļ⤍ ā¤Ŧā¤ĸ़ा। ā¤Ŧंā¤ा⤞ ā¤ाā¤Ļ्⤝ा⤍्⤍ ā¤े ā¤Žाā¤Žā¤˛े ā¤Žें ā¤ā¤¤्ā¤Žā¤¨ि⤰्ā¤ā¤° ā¤Ŧ⤍ ā¤ā¤¯ा।
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ā¤. ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ĩा⤪िā¤्⤝
ā¤Žुā¤्⤝ ā¤Ŧंā¤Ļ⤰ā¤ाā¤š:
ā¤िā¤ā¤ाँā¤ĩ: ā¤
⤰ā¤Ŧ ā¤ā¤° ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ ⤏े ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰।
⤏ा⤤ā¤ाँā¤ĩ: ā¤ं⤤⤰ि⤠ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ ā¤ा ā¤ेंā¤Ļ्⤰।
⤤ाā¤Ž्⤰⤞िā¤Ē्⤤: ā¤ी⤍ ā¤ā¤° ā¤Ļā¤्⤎ि⤪-ā¤Ēू⤰्ā¤ĩ ā¤ā¤ļि⤝ा ā¤े ā¤Ļेā¤ļों ⤏े ⤏ंā¤Ŧं⤧।
ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ि⤝ों ā¤ी ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰⤤ा:
ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ि⤝ों ā¤ो ⤏ु⤰ā¤्⤎ा, ⤍ि⤎्ā¤Ēā¤्⤎ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ĩ्⤝ā¤ĩ⤏्ā¤Ĩा ā¤ā¤° ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰⤤ा ā¤Ļी ā¤ā¤। ā¤ā¤¸ā¤¸े ā¤Ŧंā¤ा⤞ ā¤
ं⤤⤰⤰ा⤎्ā¤्⤰ी⤝ ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ ā¤ा ā¤Ē्ā¤°ā¤Žु⤠ā¤ेंā¤Ļ्⤰ ā¤Ŧ⤍ ā¤ā¤¯ा।
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ā¤. ā¤Žुā¤Ļ्⤰ा ā¤ā¤° ⤏िā¤्ā¤े
⤏ो⤍े-ā¤ाँā¤Ļी ā¤े ⤏िā¤्ā¤े:
⤏िā¤ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤍े ⤏ो⤍े ā¤ā¤° ā¤ाँā¤Ļी ā¤े ⤏िā¤्ā¤े ā¤ा⤰ी ā¤ि⤠ā¤ि⤍ ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ा ⤍ाā¤Ž ā¤ā¤° ā¤Ē्⤰ा⤰्ā¤Ĩ⤍ाā¤ँ ā¤
ंā¤ि⤤ ā¤Ĩीं।
ā¤Žा⤍⤠ā¤Ē्⤰⤪ा⤞ी:
⤏िā¤्ā¤ों ā¤ा ā¤ĩā¤ā¤¨ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļुā¤Ļ्⤧⤤ा ⤏ु⤍िā¤ļ्ā¤ि⤤ ā¤ी ā¤ā¤ ā¤ि⤏⤏े ā¤ā¤¨ā¤¤ा ā¤Žें ā¤ā¤°ो⤏ा ā¤Ŧ⤍ा ā¤°ā¤šा।
ā¤ā¤°्ā¤Ĩि⤠ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ीā¤:
⤝े ⤏िā¤्ā¤े ā¤Ŧंā¤ा⤞ ā¤ी ā¤ā¤°्ā¤Ĩि⤠⤏्ā¤Ĩि⤰⤤ा ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļा⤏⤍ ā¤ी ā¤ĩिā¤ļ्ā¤ĩ⤏⤍ी⤝⤤ा ā¤ा ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ी⤠ā¤Ŧ⤍े।
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⤍ि⤎्ā¤ā¤°्⤎
⤏िā¤ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ā¤ा ā¤ļा⤏⤍ ā¤Ŧंā¤ा⤞ ā¤ी ā¤ā¤°्ā¤Ĩि⤠ā¤ļā¤्⤤ि ā¤ा ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ी⤠ā¤Ĩा।
ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ी ⤰ाā¤ā¤¸्ā¤ĩ ⤍ी⤤ि, ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ि⤠ā¤Ļृ⤎्ā¤िā¤ो⤪ ā¤ā¤° ā¤Žुā¤Ļ्⤰ा ā¤Ē्⤰⤪ा⤞ी ā¤ā¤ ā¤ी ⤏ुā¤ļा⤏⤍ ā¤ा ā¤ā¤Ļ⤰्ā¤ļ ā¤ā¤Ļाā¤šā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤Žा⤍ी ā¤ा⤤ी ā¤šै।
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