🕌 Sikandar Shah Family: The Legacy of Bengal’s Ilyas Shahi Dynasty



🕌 Sikandar Shah Family: The Legacy of Bengal’s Ilyas Shahi Dynasty 
Introduction: The Dawn of the Ilyas Shahi Lineage

The history of Bengal in the 14th century is deeply interwoven with the rise of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, a line of sultans who transformed Bengal from a provincial territory under Delhi Sultanate into an independent and culturally vibrant kingdom. Among them, Sultan Sikandar Shah (reigned c. 1368–1390 CE) stands as one of the most remarkable monarchs — known not just for his military prowess but also for his architectural vision and the consolidation of Bengal’s sovereignty.

Sikandar Shah’s family was the second generation of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, founded by his father Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, who first united Bengal as an independent sultanate around 1352 CE. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty ruled Bengal for nearly a century, establishing a distinctive regional identity that combined Persian, Arabic, and Bengali cultural elements.


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Ancestry and Early Life

Sikandar Shah was born into royal surroundings. His father, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, was a warrior, administrator, and founder of the first independent Muslim dynasty in Bengal. The family hailed from Sistan (in modern Iran–Afghanistan region) and migrated to Bengal, bringing with them Persian administrative traditions that later fused with local customs.

Growing up under a father who had fought battles against the Delhi Sultanate and Tripura kings, Sikandar Shah inherited both strategic brilliance and spiritual devotion. Historical records suggest that he received training in Arabic, Persian literature, and military science.


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Family and Succession

Sikandar Shah succeeded his father after his death in 1368 CE. His family continued to play a key role in the political and cultural landscape of Bengal. The royal household was known for its multi-ethnic composition, with Persian nobles, Bengali courtiers, and religious scholars living together in harmony.

His queen’s name is not widely recorded, but inscriptions from the Adina Mosque and contemporary chronicles suggest that his sons were brought up in an environment of learning and respect for religion. His eldest son, Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, later ascended the throne and became one of Bengal’s most famous rulers, known for maintaining peace and for his friendship with the Persian poet Hafez of Shiraz.

Thus, the family of Sikandar Shah became a cultural bridge between the Islamic East and the local Bengali world — a fusion that defined Bengal’s identity for centuries.


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Architectural Vision: The Adina Mosque

One of the greatest legacies of Sikandar Shah’s family is the construction of the Adina Mosque in Pandua (present-day Malda district). Built in 1373 CE, it was the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent at the time. Its design reflected both imperial ambition and religious devotion.

The mosque’s grandeur, with its massive arches and domes, reflected Persian influences blended with local stonework. Interestingly, some historians note that the mosque reused stones from earlier Hindu temples — a practice not uncommon in medieval architecture — symbolizing Bengal’s layered cultural history.

The Adina Mosque also served as the royal congregational mosque (Jami Masjid) and as the mausoleum of Sultan Sikandar Shah himself, who was buried beneath its central prayer hall. This decision highlights the close connection between faith, architecture, and royal power in his family’s ideology.


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The Ilyas Shahi Family’s Political Legacy

Under Sikandar Shah’s reign, Bengal’s borders extended as far as Bihar and parts of Assam, while maintaining trade links with Arabia, Persia, and China. His family maintained a sophisticated court, patronizing scholars, Sufi saints, poets, and craftsmen.

The Ilyas Shahi family maintained a strong bureaucratic system that ensured Bengal’s prosperity. Their lineage emphasized justice (adl) and charity (sadaqah) — values that helped Bengal flourish as one of the richest provinces of medieval India.


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Cultural and Spiritual Heritage

The Sikandar Shah family promoted a rich synthesis of Islamic and Bengali traditions. They supported local Bengali artists, encouraged Persian education, and built mosques, madrasas, and caravanserais. The dynasty’s cultural policy laid the foundation for Bengal’s later literary and architectural developments.

Sikandar Shah’s son, Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, continued this legacy, making peace with the Delhi Sultanate and focusing on scholarship. He corresponded with Sufi poets like Hafez and established Bengal as a center of spiritual learning.


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Decline and Historical Memory

After Sikandar Shah’s death, his descendants ruled Bengal intermittently until the rise of the Hussain Shahi dynasty in the late 15th century. Yet, their memory endures through the Adina Mosque and the chronicles of travelers and historians who admired their governance.

Today, the name “Sikandar Shah” evokes not only the grandeur of medieval Bengal but also the spirit of unity and diversity that characterized his family’s reign.


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Conclusion

The family of Sultan Sikandar Shah represents a golden age of Bengal’s medieval past — a time when cultural synthesis, architectural brilliance, and political independence merged to create a lasting legacy. From the royal palace of Pandua to the poetic exchanges with Persia, the Ilyas Shahi family left behind a narrative of faith, strength, and vision that continues to inspire historians and heritage enthusiasts alike.


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Disclaimer

This blog is a historical interpretation based on available sources, inscriptions, and scholarly research. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, certain details — such as familial names, personal relationships, and chronological events — may vary across historical records. Readers are encouraged to consult academic references for further study. The intent of this blog is educational and cultural, not religious or political.


🇧🇩 āĻŦাংāϞা āϏংāϏ্āĻ•āϰāĻŖ: āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ“ āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝ



āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া: āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāϝুāĻ—

āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāύ্āϝ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ় āϰāϚিāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ•ে, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻিāϞ্āϞি āϏাāϞāϤাāύাāϤেāϰ āĻ…āϧীāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻŦাংāϞা āύিāϜāϏ্āĻŦ āϰাāϜ্āϝ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨāĻĒāϤি āĻ›িāϞেāύ āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻšি āϰাāϜāĻŦংāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āĻļাāĻŽāϏুāĻĻ্āĻĻিāύ āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻš, āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰāϏূāϰি āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ›িāϞেāύ āϏেāχ āĻ—ৌāϰāĻŦāĻŽāϝ় āĻŦংāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āωāϜ্āϜ্āĻŦāϞ āύāĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰ।

āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļাāϏāĻ• āύāύ, āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻĻূāϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļী āĻ“ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āϰাāϜা। āϤাঁāϰ āφāĻŽāϞে āĻŦাংāϞা āĻļুāϧু āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻšāϝ়āύি, āĻŦāϰং āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāϤ্āϝ, āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻ“ āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āϏāĻšāύāĻļীāϞāϤাāϝ় āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦে āĻāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ।


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āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āĻ“ āĻŦংāĻļāĻĒāϰিāϚāϝ়

āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ›িāϞেāύ āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰ। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϏিāϏ্āϤাāύ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ (āφāϜāĻ•েāϰ āχāϰাāύ-āφāĻĢāĻ—াāύ āϏীāĻŽাāύ্āϤ āĻāϞাāĻ•া) āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻ—āϤ। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ›িāϞ āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝীāϝ় āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝ, āφāϰāĻŦ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা, āĻ“ āϤুāϰ্āĻ•ি āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻ•ৌāĻļāϞেāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāύ্āϝ āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ। āĻŦাংāϞাāϝ় āĻāϏে āϤাঁāϰা āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŽিāϞেāĻŽিāĻļে āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤোāϞেāύ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻšুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϏāĻŽাāϜāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা।

āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻš āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻিāϞ্āϞিāϰ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻŦাংāϞা āϏাāϞāϤাāύাāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া āĻ•āϰেāύ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাঁāϰ āϰাāϜāĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ“āĻ ে āύāϤুāύ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦিāύ্āĻĻু। āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ›োāϟāĻŦেāϞা āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ, āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϝ় āĻĒাāϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļী āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ“āĻ েāύ।


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āϰাāϜāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ• āϜীāĻŦāύ

ā§§ā§Šā§Ŧā§Ž āĻ–্āϰিāώ্āϟাāĻŦ্āĻĻে āĻĒিāϤাāϰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āϏিংāĻšাāϏāύে āφāϰোāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤিāύি āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী, āϤāĻŦে āύ্āϝাāϝ়āĻĒāϰাāϝ়āĻŖ āĻļাāϏāĻ•। āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰে āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝ, āφāϰāĻŦ, āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻ™াāϞি āωāĻĒāĻĻেāώ্āϟা, āϏৈāύ্āϝ, āĻ“ āĻĒāĻŖ্āĻĄিāϤāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āϰাāϜāϏāĻ­া āĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχ āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻŽিāϞāύেāϰ āĻĢāϞেāχ āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻšি āϰাāϜāĻŦংāĻļ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ“ āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া āĻĒাāϝ়।

āϤাঁāϰ āϏ্āϤ্āϰী āĻŦা āϰাāĻŖীāϰ āύাāĻŽ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟāĻ­াāĻŦে āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–িāϤ āύা āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝে, āϰাāϜāĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āύাāϰীāϰা āϧāϰ্āĻŽ, āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽাāϜāϏেāĻŦাāϝ় āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāϤেāύ। āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰ āĻ—িāϝ়াāϏāωāĻĻ্āĻĻিāύ āφāϜāĻŽ āĻļাāĻš āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤীāϤে āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻļ্āϰেāώ্āĻ  āĻļাāϏāĻ• āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ āĻšāύ।


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āφāĻĻিāύা āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ: āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāϤ্āϝেāϰ āĻŦিāϏ্āĻŽāϝ়

ā§§ā§Šā§­ā§Š āĻ–্āϰিāώ্āϟাāĻŦ্āĻĻে āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āύিāϰ্āĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ āφāĻĻিāύা āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ, āϝা āφāϜāĻ“ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻ—āϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ•। āĻĒাāĻŖ্āĻĄুāϝ়া āĻļāĻšāϰেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻāχ āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ›িāϞ āωāĻĒāĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āϜাāĻŽি āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ।

āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŽ্āĻŦুāϜ, āĻ–িāϞাāύ, āĻ“ āĻŦিāĻļাāϞ āφāĻ™্āĻ—িāύাāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāϤ্āϝে āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝীāϝ় āĻ›োঁāϝ়া āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ। āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়, āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻেāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ“ āϏ্āϤāĻŽ্āĻ­ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒাāĻĨāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāύ āĻšিāύ্āĻĻু āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏংāĻ—ৃāĻšীāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ — āϝা āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āĻŦāĻšুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰিāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϤāϰāĻŦিāύ্āϝাāϏেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĢāϞāύ।

āĻāχ āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻāϟি āĻļুāϧু āωāĻĒাāϏāύাāϞāϝ় āύāϝ়, āĻ›িāϞ āϰাāϜāĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϧিāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰāĻ“। āĻāĻ–াāύেāχ āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়, āϝা āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻāϟিāϰ āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āĻ“ āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āϤোāϞে।


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āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻšি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύāύীāϤি

āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ“ āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύāĻ•াāϞে āĻŦাংāϞা āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻ›িāϞ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ• āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤাঁāϰা āĻĻিāϞ্āϞি āϏাāϞāϤাāύাāϤেāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞেāĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύ āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āϤা āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύāύীāϤি āĻ›িāϞ ‘āφāĻĻāϞ āĻ“ āϏাāĻĻাāĻ•াāĻš’ — āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āύ্āϝাāϝ় āĻ“ āĻĻাāύāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে। āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•, āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏাāϝ়ী, āϏৈāύ্āϝ—āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖিāϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύে āϏāĻŽাāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āωāĻĒāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻšāύ।

āĻŦাāĻŖিāϜ্āϝিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ• āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒিāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ āφāϰāĻŦ, āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝ, āϚীāύ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে। āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύিāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ—āĻŽāϏāϞাāϜাāϤ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ, āύীāϞ, āϰেāĻļāĻŽ, āĻ“ āύৌāĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ—āϤāĻ–āύ āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ• āĻŦাāϜাāϰে āϜāύāĻĒ্āϰিāϝ় āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ“āĻ ে।


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āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻ“ āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āϜীāĻŦāύ

āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻšি āϰাāϜāĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻ›িāϞ āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āϏāĻšāύāĻļীāϞāϤা āĻ“ āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ। āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া āϏāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦেāĻ“ āϤাঁāϰা āĻŦাāĻ™াāϞি āĻ­াāώা, āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒāĻ•āϞাāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻš āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝ āĻ“ āφāϰāĻŦি āĻ­াāώাāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻŦাংāϞা āĻ­াāώা āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āϰাāϜāϏāĻ­াāϝ় āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒাāϝ়।

āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ“ āϤাঁāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰāϏূāϰিāϰা āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ, āĻŽাāĻĻ্āϰাāϏা, āĻ–াāύāĻ•া āĻ“ āϏāĻĄ়āĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻŽাāĻŖে āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻšী āĻ›িāϞেāύ। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻŽāϞে āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϏুāĻĢি āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤি āĻŦিāĻ•āĻļিāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āϝা āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āϚৈāϤāύ্āϝ āϝুāĻ—েāϰ āĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϏেāϤুāĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤোāϞে।


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āĻ—িāϝ়াāϏāωāĻĻ্āĻĻিāύ āφāϜāĻŽ āĻļাāĻš: āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻ•

āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰ āĻ—িāϝ়াāϏāωāĻĻ্āĻĻিāύ āφāϜāĻŽ āĻļাāĻš āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒিāϤাāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰāĻ•ে āφāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤিāύি āĻĻিāϞ্āϞিāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻļাāύ্āϤি āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻ“ āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ• āĻ•ূāϟāύীāϤিāϤে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤাঁāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āϝেāϰ āĻ•āĻŦি āĻšাāĻĢেāϜ āĻļিāϰাāϜিāϰ āĻŦāύ্āϧুāϤ্āĻŦ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻ•িংāĻŦāĻĻāύ্āϤি āĻšāϝ়ে āφāĻ›ে।

āĻ āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āĻŦোāĻা āϝাāϝ় āϝে, āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āĻĻৃāώ্āϟি āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ›িāϞ āύা āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϏীāĻŽাāύাāϝ়; āϤাāϰা āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāϰ āϐāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ›িāϞেāύ।


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āĻĒāϤāύ āĻ“ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ

āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻšেāϰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϰ āĻĒāϰ āχāϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻļাāĻšি āĻŦংāĻļ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻĻিāύ āϰাāϜāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ•āϰে, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒāĻž্āϚāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ•েāϰ āĻļেāώ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻšোāϏেāύ āĻļাāĻšি āĻŦংāĻļ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে। āϤāĻŦুāĻ“ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ“ āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি āφāϜāĻ“ āφāĻĻিāύা āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ, āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāύ āĻļিāϞাāϞিāĻĒি, āĻ“ āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻ—্āϰāύ্āĻĨে āĻ…āĻŽāϰ āĻšāϝ়ে āφāĻ›ে।


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āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ

āϏুāϞāϤাāύ āϏিāĻ•āύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻš āĻ“ āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāύ্āϝ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ āϏূāϚāύা āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻļুāϧু āϏাāĻŽ্āϰাāϜ্āϝ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏীāĻŽাāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ›িāϞ āύা; āϤাāϰা āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤি, āϧāϰ্āĻŽ, āĻ“ āĻŽাāύāĻŦāϤাāϰ āϏংāĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖে āĻāĻ• āύāϤুāύ āϏāĻ­্āϝāϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻĻেāύ।

āĻĒাāĻŖ্āĻĄুāϝ়াāϰ āφāĻĻিāύা āĻŽāϏāϜিāĻĻ āφāϜāĻ“ āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āϏেāχ āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝেāϰ āύীāϰāĻŦ āϏাāĻ•্āώী, āϝা āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻ—āϰ্āĻŦ āĻ“ āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻšāϝ়ে āφāĻ›ে।


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āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•ৃāϤি (Disclaimer)

āĻāχ āϞেāĻ–াāϟি āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āϤāĻĨ্āϝ, āĻļিāϞাāϞিāĻĒি, āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖাāϞāĻŦ্āϧ āϤāĻĨ্āϝেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āϰāϚিāϤ। āχāϤিāĻšাāϏেāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻŽāϤāĻ­েāĻĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰে āϰাāϜāĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ“ āϘāϟāύাāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āύিāϝ়ে। āĻāχ āĻŦ্āϞāĻ—āϟি āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻ“ āϏাংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āϰāϚিāϤ; āĻ•োāύো āϧāϰ্āĻŽীāϝ় āĻŦা āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āύāϝ

đŸ‡ŽđŸ‡ŗ ⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤔⤰ ⤉⤍⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ — ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕े ⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ā¤ļाā¤šी ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤕ी ⤗ौ⤰ā¤ĩ⤗ाā¤Ĩ


⤭ूā¤Žि⤕ा: ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕े ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰ ⤇⤤िā¤šा⤏ ⤕ा ⤆⤰ं⤭

⤭ा⤰⤤ ⤕े ⤇⤤िā¤šा⤏ ā¤Žें ⤚ौā¤Ļā¤šā¤ĩीं ā¤ļ⤤ाā¤Ŧ्ā¤Ļी ā¤ĩā¤š ⤝ु⤗ ā¤Ĩा ⤜ā¤Ŧ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤍े ā¤Ļि⤞्⤞ी ⤏⤞्⤤⤍⤤ ⤕े ⤅⤧ी⤍⤤ा ⤏े ā¤Žु⤕्⤤ ā¤šो⤕⤰ ā¤ā¤• ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰ ⤏ाā¤Ž्⤰ा⤜्⤝ ⤕े ⤰ूā¤Ē ā¤Žें ⤅ā¤Ē⤍ी ā¤Ēā¤šā¤šा⤍ ā¤Ŧ⤍ा⤈। ⤇⤏ ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰⤤ा ⤕ा ⤍े⤤ृ⤤्ā¤ĩ ⤕ि⤝ा ⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ā¤ļाā¤šी ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤍े, ⤜ि⤏⤕ी ⤍ींā¤ĩ ⤰⤖ी ā¤ļā¤Ž्⤏ुā¤Ļ्ā¤Ļी⤍ ⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤍े, ⤔⤰ ⤇⤏ ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤕े ⤏ā¤Ŧ⤏े ā¤Ē्⤰⤏िā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤ļा⤏⤕ों ā¤Žें ⤏े ā¤ā¤• ā¤Ĩे ⤉⤍⤕े ā¤Ēु⤤्⤰ ⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š।

⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ेā¤ĩ⤞ ā¤ā¤• ⤝ोā¤Ļ्⤧ा ā¤¨ā¤šीं ā¤Ĩे, ā¤Ŧ⤞्⤕ि ā¤ĩे ā¤ā¤• ā¤Ļू⤰ā¤Ļ⤰्ā¤ļी ā¤ļा⤏⤕ ⤔⤰ ⤏ं⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि-ā¤Ē्⤰ेā¤Žी ā¤ĩ्⤝⤕्⤤ि ā¤Ĩे। ⤉⤍⤕े ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤍े ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ो ⤍ ⤕ेā¤ĩ⤞ ⤰ा⤜⤍ी⤤ि⤕ ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰⤤ा ā¤Ļी, ā¤Ŧ⤞्⤕ि ⤉⤏े ⤕⤞ा, ā¤ļि⤕्⤎ा ⤔⤰ ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤤्⤝ ā¤Žें ⤭ी ā¤¸ā¤Žृā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤Ŧ⤍ा⤝ा।


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ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤔⤰ ⤉⤤्ā¤Ē⤤्⤤ि

⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ā¤Žू⤞⤤ः ⤏ि⤏्⤤ा⤍ (ā¤ĩ⤰्ā¤¤ā¤Žा⤍ ⤈⤰ा⤍-⤅ā¤Ģ⤗ा⤍ि⤏्⤤ा⤍ ⤕्⤎े⤤्⤰) ⤏े ⤆⤝ा ā¤Ĩा। ⤇⤏ ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ā¤Žें ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ी ā¤Ē्⤰ā¤ļा⤏⤍ि⤕ ā¤Ē⤰ंā¤Ē⤰ा, ⤅⤰ā¤Ŧी ⤜्ā¤žा⤍ ⤔⤰ ⤤ु⤰्⤕ी ⤏ै⤍्⤝ ⤕ौā¤ļ⤞ ⤕ा ⤅ā¤Ļ्⤭ु⤤ ā¤Žे⤞ ā¤Ĩा। ⤜ā¤Ŧ ⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ ā¤ļाā¤š ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ā¤Žें ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰ ⤏⤞्⤤⤍⤤ ⤕ी ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤍ा ⤕⤰⤤े ā¤šैं, ⤤ो ⤉⤍⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ी ⤍⤈ ā¤Ēā¤šā¤šा⤍ ⤕ा ⤕ेंā¤Ļ्⤰ ā¤Ŧ⤍ ⤜ा⤤ा ā¤šै।

⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ā¤Ŧ⤚ā¤Ē⤍ ā¤ā¤• ⤰ा⤜⤏ी ā¤ĩा⤤ाā¤ĩ⤰⤪ ā¤Žें ā¤Ŧी⤤ा। ⤉⤍्ā¤šों⤍े ⤅ā¤Ē⤍े ā¤Ēि⤤ा ⤏े ⤝ुā¤Ļ्⤧⤕⤞ा, ā¤ļा⤏⤍⤕ौā¤ļ⤞ ⤔⤰ ⤧ा⤰्ā¤Žि⤕ ā¤ļि⤕्⤎ा ā¤Ē्⤰ाā¤Ē्⤤ ⤕ी। ⤝ुā¤ĩा ⤅ā¤ĩ⤏्ā¤Ĩा ā¤Žें ā¤šी ā¤ĩे ā¤ā¤• ⤏⤕्ā¤ˇā¤Ž ⤏े⤍ा⤍ा⤝⤕ ⤔⤰ ā¤Ē्⤰ā¤Ŧुā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤Ē्⤰ā¤ļा⤏⤕ ā¤Ŧ⤍ ā¤—ā¤।


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⤰ा⤜⤤्ā¤ĩ ⤔⤰ ā¤Ēा⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ि⤕ ⤜ीā¤ĩ⤍

1368 ⤈. ā¤Žें ā¤Ēि⤤ा ⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ी ā¤Žृ⤤्⤝ु ⤕े ā¤Ŧाā¤Ļ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤍े ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕े ⤏िंā¤šा⤏⤍ ā¤Ē⤰ ⤅⤧ि⤕ा⤰ ⤕ि⤝ा। ⤉⤍⤕े ā¤ļा⤏⤍⤕ा⤞ ā¤Žें ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤍े ⤏्ā¤Ĩि⤰⤤ा ⤔⤰ ā¤¸ā¤Žृā¤Ļ्⤧ि ⤕ा ⤅⤍ु⤭ā¤ĩ ⤕ि⤝ा। ⤉⤍⤕ा ā¤Ļ⤰ā¤Ŧा⤰ ā¤Ŧā¤šु-⤏ां⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤕ ā¤Ĩा — ⤜िā¤¸ā¤Žें ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ी ā¤ĩिā¤Ļ्ā¤ĩा⤍, ⤅⤰ā¤Ŧी ⤏⤞ाā¤šā¤•ा⤰ ⤔⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ी ⤅⤧ि⤕ा⤰ी ā¤ā¤• ⤏ाā¤Ĩ ⤕ा⤰्⤝ ⤕⤰⤤े ā¤Ĩे।

⤉⤍⤕ी ⤰ा⤍ी ⤕ा ⤍ाā¤Ž ⤇⤤िā¤šा⤏ ā¤Žें ⤏्ā¤Ē⤎्⤟ ā¤¨ā¤šीं ā¤Žि⤞⤤ा, ā¤Ē⤰ं⤤ु ⤉⤍⤕े ā¤Ēु⤤्⤰ ⤗़ि⤝ा⤏ुā¤Ļ्ā¤Ļी⤍ ā¤†ā¤œ़ā¤Ž ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ⤉⤞्⤞े⤖ ⤅⤍े⤕ ⤐⤤िā¤šा⤏ि⤕ ⤗्⤰ंā¤Ĩों ā¤Žें ā¤Žि⤞⤤ा ā¤šै। ⤗़ि⤝ा⤏ुā¤Ļ्ā¤Ļी⤍ ⤆⤗े ā¤šā¤˛ā¤•ā¤° ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕े ⤏ā¤Ŧ⤏े ā¤Ē्⤰⤏िā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤ļा⤏⤕ों ā¤Žें ⤏े ā¤ā¤• ā¤Ŧ⤍े, ⤜ि⤍⤕ी ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ी ⤕ā¤ĩि ā¤šाā¤Ģ़ि⤜़ ā¤ļी⤰ा⤜़ी ⤏े ā¤Žै⤤्⤰ी ā¤Ē्⤰⤏िā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤šै।

⤇⤏ ā¤Ē्⤰⤕ा⤰ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ā¤ā¤• ⤐⤏ा ⤏े⤤ु ā¤Ŧ⤍ा, ⤜ि⤏⤍े ⤇⤏्⤞ाā¤Žी ⤔⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ी ⤏ं⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤝ों ⤕ो ⤜ोā¤Ą़ा ⤔⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ी ā¤Ēā¤šā¤šा⤍ ⤕ो ā¤Ŧā¤šु⤆⤝ाā¤Žी ā¤Ŧ⤍ा⤝ा।


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⤅ā¤Ļि⤍ा ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ — ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤤्⤝ ⤕ा ā¤šā¤Žā¤¤्⤕ा⤰

⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ी ⤏ā¤Ŧ⤏े ā¤Ŧā¤Ą़ी ⤉ā¤Ē⤞ā¤Ŧ्⤧ि 1373 ⤈. ā¤Žें ⤍ि⤰्ā¤Žि⤤ ⤅ā¤Ļि⤍ा ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ ā¤šै, ⤜ो ā¤†ā¤œ ⤕े ā¤Žा⤞ā¤Ļा ⤜ि⤞े ⤕े ā¤Ēांā¤Ąु⤆ ā¤Žें ⤏्ā¤Ĩि⤤ ā¤šै। ā¤¯ā¤š ⤉⤏ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¯ ā¤Ēू⤰े ⤭ा⤰⤤ी⤝ ⤉ā¤Ēā¤Žā¤šाā¤Ļ्ā¤ĩीā¤Ē ⤕ी ⤏ā¤Ŧ⤏े ā¤ĩिā¤ļा⤞ ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ ā¤Ĩी।

⤇⤏⤕ी ā¤Ŧ⤍ाā¤ĩ⤟ ā¤Žें ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ी ā¤ļै⤞ी ⤔⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ी ⤏्ā¤Ĩा⤍ी⤝ ā¤Ē⤤्ā¤Ĩ⤰⤕⤞ा ⤕ा ⤏ुंā¤Ļ⤰ ⤏ंā¤—ā¤Ž ā¤Ļे⤖⤍े ⤕ो ā¤Žि⤞⤤ा ā¤šै। ⤇⤤िā¤šा⤏⤕ा⤰ों ⤕ा ā¤Žा⤍⤍ा ā¤šै ⤕ि ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ ⤕े ⤕ु⤛ ā¤Ē⤤्ā¤Ĩ⤰ ā¤Ēु⤰ा⤍े ā¤Žंā¤Ļि⤰ों ⤏े ⤞िā¤ ā¤—ā¤ ā¤Ĩे, ⤜ो ⤉⤏ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¯ ⤕ी ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤤्⤝ ā¤Ē⤰ंā¤Ē⤰ा ⤕ा ⤏ाā¤Žा⤍्⤝ ⤭ा⤗ ā¤Ĩा ⤔⤰ ⤏ां⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤕ ā¤Žिā¤ļ्⤰⤪ ⤕ा ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ी⤕ ā¤Ĩा।

ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ ⤕ेā¤ĩ⤞ ⤇ā¤Ŧाā¤Ļ⤤ ⤕ी ā¤œā¤—ā¤š ā¤¨ā¤šीं ā¤Ĩी, ā¤Ŧ⤞्⤕ि ⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ी ā¤¸ā¤Žा⤧ि ⤭ी ā¤¯ā¤šी ā¤Ŧ⤍ी। ⤉⤍्ā¤šों⤍े ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤝ं ⤇⤏ ⤏्ā¤Ĩा⤍ ⤕ो ⤅ā¤Ē⤍ी ⤅ं⤤िā¤Ž ā¤ĩिā¤ļ्⤰ाā¤Žā¤¸्ā¤Ĩ⤞ी ⤚ु⤍ा — ⤜ि⤏⤏े ā¤¯ā¤š ⤏्ā¤Ĩा⤍ ⤧ा⤰्ā¤Žि⤕, ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤤्⤝ ⤔⤰ ⤐⤤िā¤šा⤏ि⤕ ā¤Ļृ⤎्⤟ि ⤏े ⤔⤰ ⤭ी ā¤Ēā¤ĩि⤤्⤰ ā¤Ŧ⤍ ⤗⤝ा।


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⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ā¤ļाā¤šी ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤕ी ⤰ा⤜⤍ी⤤ि⤕ ā¤ĩि⤰ा⤏⤤

⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕े ā¤ļा⤏⤍⤕ा⤞ ā¤Žें ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ा ⤏ाā¤Ž्⤰ा⤜्⤝ ā¤Ŧिā¤šा⤰, ā¤…ā¤¸ā¤Ž ⤔⤰ ā¤‰ā¤Ą़ी⤏ा ⤕े ⤕ु⤛ ⤭ा⤗ों ⤤⤕ ā¤ĩि⤏्⤤ा⤰ि⤤ ā¤šु⤆। ā¤ĩिā¤Ļेā¤ļी ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ ⤅⤰ā¤Ŧ, ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ ⤔⤰ ⤚ी⤍ ⤤⤕ ā¤Ģै⤞ा ā¤šु⤆ ā¤Ĩा। ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕े ⤰ेā¤ļā¤Ž, ⤍ी⤞ ⤔⤰ ā¤Žā¤¸ा⤞े ā¤Ļू⤰-ā¤Ļू⤰ ⤤⤕ ā¤Ē्⤰⤏िā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤Ĩे।

⤉⤍⤕े ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤍े ā¤ā¤• ⤏ं⤗⤠ि⤤ ā¤Ē्⤰ā¤ļा⤏⤍ि⤕ ā¤ĸां⤚ा ⤤ै⤝ा⤰ ⤕ि⤝ा। ⤍्⤝ा⤝ ⤔⤰ ā¤Ļा⤍ā¤ļी⤞⤤ा ⤉⤍⤕े ā¤ļा⤏⤍ ⤕े ā¤Žु⤖्⤝ ⤏्⤤ं⤭ ā¤Ĩे। ⤜⤍⤤ा ⤕े ā¤Ŧी⤚ ā¤ļां⤤ि ⤔⤰ ⤏ु⤰⤕्⤎ा ⤕ी ⤭ाā¤ĩ⤍ा ā¤Ĩी। ⤏ै⤍ि⤕ ⤔⤰ ⤕ि⤏ा⤍ ā¤Ļो⤍ों ⤕ो ā¤¸ā¤Žा⤍ ā¤¸ā¤Ž्ā¤Žा⤍ ā¤Žि⤞⤤ा ā¤Ĩा।


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⤏ं⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि ⤔⤰ ⤅⤧्⤝ा⤤्ā¤Ž ⤕ी ā¤¸ā¤Žृā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤Ē⤰ंā¤Ē⤰ा

⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤧⤰्ā¤Žā¤¨ि⤎्⤠ ā¤šो⤤े ā¤šुā¤ ⤭ी ⤏ां⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤕ ā¤¸ā¤šि⤎्⤪ु⤤ा ⤕ा ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤°्ā¤Ĩ⤕ ā¤Ĩा। ⤉⤍्ā¤šों⤍े ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ी, ⤅⤰ā¤Ŧी ⤔⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ी ⤤ी⤍ों ⤭ा⤎ा⤓ं ⤕े ā¤ĩिā¤Ļ्ā¤ĩा⤍ों ⤕ो ⤏ं⤰⤕्⤎⤪ ā¤Ļि⤝ा। ā¤Ļ⤰ā¤Ŧा⤰ ā¤Žें ⤕ā¤ĩि⤝ों, ⤏ूā¤Ģि⤝ों ⤔⤰ ⤕⤞ा⤕ा⤰ों ⤕ा ā¤¸ā¤Ž्ā¤Žा⤍ ā¤šो⤤ा ā¤Ĩा।

⤉⤍⤕े ā¤Ēु⤤्⤰ ⤗़ि⤝ा⤏ुā¤Ļ्ā¤Ļी⤍ ā¤†ā¤œ़ā¤Ž ā¤ļाā¤š ⤍े ⤇⤏ ā¤Ē⤰ंā¤Ē⤰ा ⤕ो ⤔⤰ ⤆⤗े ā¤Ŧā¤ĸ़ा⤝ा। ⤉⤍्ā¤šों⤍े ā¤Ģा⤰⤏ी ⤕ā¤ĩि ā¤šाā¤Ģ़ि⤜़ ⤕ो ā¤†ā¤Žं⤤्⤰ि⤤ ⤕ि⤝ा ⤔⤰ ā¤Ļि⤞्⤞ी ⤏⤞्⤤⤍⤤ ⤏े ā¤ļां⤤िā¤Ēू⤰्⤪ ⤏ंā¤Ŧं⤧ ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ēि⤤ ⤕िā¤। ⤇⤏ ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤕े ⤕ा⤰⤪ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ā¤ā¤• ⤆⤧्⤝ा⤤्ā¤Žि⤕ ⤔⤰ ⤏ाā¤šि⤤्⤝ि⤕ ⤕ेंā¤Ļ्⤰ ⤕े ⤰ूā¤Ē ā¤Žें ā¤Ē्⤰⤏िā¤Ļ्⤧ ā¤šु⤆।


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⤏ाā¤Žा⤜ि⤕ ā¤Ļृ⤎्⤟ि⤕ो⤪ ⤔⤰ ⤜⤍⤤ा ⤕े ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ि ā¤Ļृ⤎्⤟ि

⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤜⤍⤤ा ⤕े ⤕⤞्⤝ा⤪ ⤕े ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ि ⤜ा⤗⤰ू⤕ ā¤Ĩा। ⤉⤍्ā¤šों⤍े ā¤¸ā¤Ą़⤕ों, ā¤Ēु⤞ों ⤔⤰ ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļों ⤕ा ⤍ि⤰्ā¤Žा⤪ ⤕⤰ā¤ĩा⤝ा, ⤜ि⤏⤏े ā¤ĩ्⤝ाā¤Ēा⤰ ⤔⤰ ⤜⤍⤜ीā¤ĩ⤍ ā¤Žें ⤏ु⤧ा⤰ ⤆⤝ा। ā¤ĩे ⤏ूā¤Ģी ⤏ं⤤ों ⤔⤰ ā¤Ļ⤰ā¤ĩेā¤ļों ⤕े ⤏ं⤰⤕्⤎⤪⤕⤰्⤤ा ā¤Ĩे। ⤉⤍⤕ी ⤉ā¤Ļा⤰ ⤍ी⤤ि ⤍े ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ो ⤧ा⤰्ā¤Žि⤕ ⤏ौā¤šा⤰्ā¤Ļ्⤰ ⤕ा ⤉ā¤Ļाā¤šā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤Ŧ⤍ा ā¤Ļि⤝ा।

⤉⤍⤕े ā¤ļा⤏⤍⤕ा⤞ ā¤Žें ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ā¤Žें ā¤ļि⤕्⤎ा ⤕ा ⤭ी ā¤ĩि⤏्⤤ा⤰ ā¤šु⤆। ā¤Žā¤Ļ⤰⤏ों ā¤Žें ⤧⤰्ā¤Ž, ⤗⤪ि⤤, ⤜्⤝ो⤤ि⤎ ⤔⤰ ⤏ाā¤šि⤤्⤝ ⤕ी ā¤ļि⤕्⤎ा ā¤Ļी ⤜ा⤤ी ā¤Ĩी। ⤰ा⤜ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤕े ⤏ā¤Ļ⤏्⤝ ā¤ĩिā¤Ļ्⤝ा ⤔⤰ ⤧⤰्ā¤Ž ā¤Ļो⤍ों ā¤Žें ⤰ु⤚ि ⤰⤖⤤े ā¤Ĩे।


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ā¤Ē⤤⤍ ⤔⤰ ⤐⤤िā¤šा⤏ि⤕ ⤏्ā¤Žृ⤤ि

⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ी ā¤Žृ⤤्⤝ु ⤕े ā¤Ŧाā¤Ļ ⤇⤞्⤝ा⤏ā¤ļाā¤šी ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤕ु⤛ ā¤Ļā¤ļ⤕ों ⤤⤕ ā¤ļा⤏⤍ ⤕⤰⤤ा ā¤°ā¤šा। ā¤Ē⤰ं⤤ु ā¤Ēंā¤Ļ्ā¤°ā¤šā¤ĩीं ā¤ļ⤤ाā¤Ŧ्ā¤Ļी ⤕े ⤉⤤्⤤⤰ा⤰्⤧ ā¤Žें ā¤šु⤏ै⤍ ā¤ļाā¤šी ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ⤏⤤्⤤ा ā¤Žें ⤆⤝ा।

ā¤Ģि⤰ ⤭ी ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤕ा ⤍ाā¤Ž ⤔⤰ ⤉⤍⤕े ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤕ी ⤝ाā¤Ļ ā¤†ā¤œ ⤭ी ⤅ā¤Ļि⤍ा ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ ⤔⤰ ⤐⤤िā¤šा⤏ि⤕ ⤅⤭ि⤞े⤖ों ā¤Žें ⤜ीā¤ĩि⤤ ā¤šै। ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ĩंā¤ļ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ी ā¤Ēā¤šā¤šा⤍, ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤤्⤝ ⤔⤰ ⤧⤰्ā¤Žā¤¨ि⤰ā¤Ēे⤕्⤎ ā¤Ē⤰ंā¤Ē⤰ा ⤕ा ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ी⤕ ā¤Ŧ⤍ ⤗⤝ा।


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⤍ि⤎्⤕⤰्⤎

⤏ु⤞्⤤ा⤍ ⤏ि⤕ंā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ļाā¤š ⤔⤰ ⤉⤍⤕ा ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕े ⤇⤤िā¤šा⤏ ⤕े ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤰्⤪⤝ु⤗ ⤕ा ā¤Ē्⤰⤤ी⤕ ā¤šैं। ⤉⤍⤕ी ā¤ļा⤏⤍ ⤍ी⤤ि ā¤Žें ā¤ļ⤕्⤤ि ⤔⤰ ⤕⤰ु⤪ा ā¤Ļो⤍ों ⤕ा ā¤¸ā¤Žाā¤ĩेā¤ļ ā¤Ĩा। ⤉⤍्ā¤šों⤍े ⤜ो ⤏्ā¤Ĩाā¤Ē⤤्⤝ ⤔⤰ ⤏ां⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤕ ā¤ĩि⤰ा⤏⤤ ⤛ोā¤Ą़ी, ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤†ā¤œ ⤭ी ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ी ā¤Žि⤟्⤟ी ā¤Žें ⤜ीā¤ĩि⤤ ā¤šै।

⤅ā¤Ļि⤍ा ā¤Žā¤¸्⤜िā¤Ļ ⤕ेā¤ĩ⤞ ā¤ā¤• ⤧ा⤰्ā¤Žि⤕ ⤏्ā¤Žा⤰⤕ ā¤¨ā¤šीं, ā¤Ŧ⤞्⤕ि ⤇⤤िā¤šा⤏ ⤕ी ⤗ā¤ĩाā¤šी ā¤šै — ⤉⤏ ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤕ी, ⤜ि⤏⤍े ā¤Ŧं⤗ा⤞ ⤕ो ⤏्ā¤ĩ⤤ं⤤्⤰⤤ा, ā¤¸ā¤Žृā¤Ļ्⤧ि ⤔⤰ ⤏ां⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤕ ⤗ौ⤰ā¤ĩ ā¤Ē्⤰ā¤Ļा⤍ ⤕ि⤝ा।


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⤅⤏्ā¤ĩी⤕⤰⤪ (Disclaimer)

ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ŧ्⤞ॉ⤗ ⤐⤤िā¤šा⤏ि⤕ ā¤ļो⤧, ⤅⤭ि⤞े⤖ों ⤔⤰ ā¤ĩिā¤Ļ्ā¤ĩा⤍ों ⤕ी ā¤ĩ्⤝ा⤖्⤝ा⤓ं ā¤Ē⤰ ⤆⤧ा⤰ि⤤ ā¤šै। ⤕ु⤛ ā¤ĩिā¤ĩ⤰⤪ ⤜ै⤏े ā¤Ē⤰िā¤ĩा⤰ ⤕े ⤏ā¤Ļ⤏्⤝ों ⤕े ⤍ाā¤Ž ⤝ा ⤘⤟⤍ा⤓ं ⤕ी ⤏⤟ी⤕ ⤤िā¤Ĩि⤝ाँ ā¤ĩि⤭ि⤍्⤍ ⤏्⤰ो⤤ों ā¤Žें ⤭ि⤍्⤍ ā¤šो ⤏⤕⤤ी ā¤šैं।
⤇⤏ ⤞े⤖ ⤕ा ⤉ā¤Ļ्ā¤Ļेā¤ļ्⤝ ⤕ेā¤ĩ⤞ ā¤ļै⤕्⤎⤪ि⤕ ⤔⤰ ⤏ां⤏्⤕ृ⤤ि⤕ ⤜ा⤍⤕ा⤰ी ā¤Ē्⤰ā¤Ļा⤍ ⤕⤰⤍ा ā¤šै; ⤇⤏⤕ा ⤕ो⤈ ⤰ा⤜⤍ी⤤ि⤕ ⤝ा ⤧ा⤰्ā¤Žि⤕ ā¤Ļृ⤎्⤟ि⤕ो⤪ ā¤¨ā¤šीं ā¤šै।
ā¤Ēा⤠⤕ों ⤕ो ⤏⤞ाā¤š ā¤Ļी ⤜ा⤤ी ā¤šै ⤕ि ā¤ĩे ā¤ĩि⤏्⤤ृ⤤ ⤅⤧्⤝⤝⤍ ⤕े ⤞िā¤ ā¤Ē्⤰ाā¤Žा⤪ि⤕ ⤐⤤िā¤šा⤏ि⤕ ⤗्⤰ंā¤Ĩों ⤕ा ⤏ंā¤Ļ⤰्⤭ ⤞ें।

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